東方世界追求物質文明「現代化」已超過百年，大陸的傳統戲曲劇種至今向能維持可觀的數量，這或者可以視為19雪0年代「戲曲改革」的正面效益，同時也是「百花齊放」方針被執行得最為徹底，甚至是「唯一」徹底的面向。然而，由於共產黨自革命初始，以戲曲做為政治宣傳工具的本質未曾改變，I"戲曲改革」成為因應政治操作的全面文化改造之一環，因而留下了訐多問題。有關「戲曲改革」的專題論述，到目前為止，多偏重歷史過程、劇目及表演藝術。本文從劇種學的角度，集中探討1950年代「戲曲改革」的信念背景、對於保留傳統戲曲劇種所達到的正面積效、其所採取的各種強悍的方式和措施，及所造成的影響和問題。從1905年代的「戲曲改革」，到之後的「十年文革」，乃至到今天，改革的工作都沒有停止過。漫長過程中，最重要的奠基期，實為1950年代的一段時間。在力圖振興戲曲藝術之際，正視問題徵結，才是解決之道。而根本答案，也訐正在這些劇種經歷巨大變化的1950年代。

For over a century， the East has been engaging in the pursuit of material cultural in the name of "modernization." China is no exception The fact that traditional theater in China still retains a considerable number of genres is probably a positive result of the“Theater Reform" in the 1950s. Itis also the one and only area where the Baihua qifang (Let a thousand flowers bloom) policy was carried out to the fullest extent. However， ever since the beginning of the Communist Revolution， the principle to employ theater as a tool of propaganda has never been changed. Theater Reform became a stage for the politically-maneuvered cultural reform and led to a series of problems and complicated issues. Studies on the Theater Reform， up to now， have chosen to focus on its historical process， the repertoire and performance arts. The present article， with a perspective on genre studies ， concentrates on exploring the conceptual background of Theater Reform， the positive effects reached by the preservation of traditional theatrical genres， the drastic measures it took， and the impact and problems thus created.
From the Theater Reform of the 1950s to the lO-yearCultural Revolution， the traditional theatre had undergone a series of changes. During this long process， the reform never stopped. In retrospect， the period that laid the foundation for Theater Reform hinged on the 1950s. In recent time when all strive to revive the theatrical arts， it is crucial that we approach the core of the issue to understand in the historical context
of Theater Reform. The answer may lie in the reform movements of the 1950s when the genres underwent significant transformations.